Genetic Engineering Philosophical Paper Essay Example for Free

Genetic Engineering Philosophical Paper Essay Genetic Engineering Defined We live in a period of science breakthroughs and accomplishments.   For over centuries now, science has been constantly pursuing its ambition to hold nature’s natural course within its grasp.   Perhaps one field that can fit this description is genetic engineering which is a laboratory technique to change the DNA of living organisms (What is Genetic Engineering).   A good view of genetic engineering can perhaps be seen in the film Gattaca where one of the main characters, Vincent (played by Ethan Hawke), is not able to accept his genetic fate.    Basing on his character, the film views how genetic engineering can affect an individual’s self-esteem as well as how far it can push him to practice free will to fill this sense of emptiness. Effects of Genetic Engineering As to its effect on society, the movie shows how it serves as a solution in eliminating if not minimizing the consequences of genetic imperfection such as in-born diseases.   In fact, some also believe that genetic engineering can be beneficial not only with health and medicine but as well as food, agriculture, manufacturing, etc.   Even nowadays genetics have already made its benefits known by aiding in forensic investigations through DNA identification thus lessening the number of violent crimes (Genetic Engineering Benefits Society). However, there can also be possible risks when relying on this field of science particularly with eugenics, or the selection the future makeup of children which could lead to the elimination of some personal traits.   Another risk would be in the usage of biotechnology before exploring other options in terms of reproduction.   One example is implanting an egg from one woman into the uterus of another which might be hazardous if considered as a primary technique (Discovery Education: Genetic Engineering) Perhaps one of the things that the director of the movie Gattaca is trying to present is how genetic engineering can be a remedy or solution in altering human fate by making him somewhat more invincible.   After watching the film, I saw this field of science as something that can affect a person’s religious faith. This issue has been reinforced furthermore by the scene particularly during the birth of Vincent where he said, â€Å"He never understood what possessed his mother to put her faith in God’s hands rather than those of her local geneticists.† secondary to his rejection of the fact that he is too genetically imperfect to achieve his dreams.   As far as the film is concerned, this showed how genetic engineering can have the potential to tolerate such human behaviors which can ultimately lead him to play God once he gets the chance instead of practicing self-acceptance and humility. Ethical Implications of Genetic Engineering It has an ethical implication especially when it comes to religion.   Taking the views of the Church of Scotland for example, it states that although Christians have long regarded scientific research as a way of responding to God’s commands of â€Å"filling the earth and subduing it† from the first chapter of Genesis in the bible, it is but important to draw a line especially in the level of genetics as it is an alteration and manipulation of human genetics which is God’s exclusive rights only. Perhaps there would be exceptions such as issues that call for certain necessities like modifying pig hearts and lungs in case of serious shortage of suitable human donor organs.   However with or without the religious point of view, some practices of genetic manipulation can endanger the life of certain people if these are not properly controlled or monitored especially since we do not hold enough knowledge in harmfully interfering with nature.   Furthermore, this also distorts virtues like humility and creates erroneous perception of what people should be made up of physically in order to be happy (Are We Playing God?). The Swimming Scene   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This particular scene in the movie gives a certain twist in the view of genetic engineering.   Vincent was born with a 99% probability of heart disorder and so every time they do the swim race when they were kids, he often got tired first and lost to Anton.   But when they did it again when they were already grown ups, Anton lost the race and almost drowned.   When Vincent defeated Anton in the swimming race for the first time, this ultimately showed the strength of human spirit and how it can defeat even the genetically superior.   Apparently, it was as though Vincent was able to unconsciously imbibe self-confidence after all those times he spent with the genetically-engineered individuals. Uma Thurman’s Character   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irene, Vincent’s love interest whom he met in Gattaca, is another perfect example of an individual who lacks self-confidence and spirit.   Compared to Vincent, her genes are almost perfect if not for a certain heart condition.   Perhaps it is due to the fact that Irene has also been a subject of comparison in Gattaca along with the pressures of being considered for a mission to Titan (one of the moons of the planet Saturn) that she is made to focus on her imperfection although in fact it is â€Å"smaller† as compared with her superior qualities.   If she were living in a community much normal than Gattaca, then there might be a greater chance for her to be happy and see her beautiful qualities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With regards to Irene’s character, I think what the director is trying to show is that not even technology can answer for a person’s search for self-fulfillment.   Technology is also capable of deceiving people from seeing reality or from seeing what a person truly is.   Irene fell in love with Vincent in the film but little did she know that he is no more than a mere trespasser in the space agency if not for the help of his friend Jerome, a genetically superior individual who was paralyzed by a car accident and gave his identity to Vincent. The Ending   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie had an amazing ending.   After all the struggles and suspense, Vincent was surprisingly able to pull everything off and made it to the space mission, defeating the majority of his genetically-superior colleagues in Gattaca and taking Jerome’s identity with him.   Jerome on the other hand, committed suicide.   Jerome’s tragic end is the saddest part of the movie.   He has been completely consumed by his misfortune that he literally gave his life away.   He just could not accept what has become of him and the identity that he lost from the accident was the only person he knew how to be, a winner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As to Jerome’s suicide, this brought up an ethical issue that perhaps society cannot approve.   Once again it goes against the views of religion about God’s prerogatives of the human life.   Jerome willing his own death cannot be considered a rightful one for even though he had broken a spine or is out of money, his brain was still functioning well, he was speaking very well, and most of all he did not even lose his good looks from the accident so there could have been a chance for him to charm his way to love. According to an article about ethical issues related to life and death, a person only can have a self-imposed death if he has a terminal illness and his physician proclaims certain death in the very near future wherein artificial bodily support is deemed useless considering the very short period of time left (Ethical Issues Related To Life And Death).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The final scene was both puzzling and funny.   There was the main character about to board the space mission and after successfully making it through several nerve-wracking genetic testing, his urine test finally revealed his true invalid identity.   Yet for some strange reasons, the one in charge of this final step let him through after a brief sentimental conversation about his son being a big fan of Jerome a.k.a. Vincent. I cannot figure out whether to consider human compassion as a part of this scene.   But more importantly, what made the ending very significant is the overwhelming sense of triumph that the main character has brought with him after making to the mission and the great sense of relief that he was not apprehended despite revealing his true identity.   The ending of the story gives out a message that no matter how much we go through or change ourselves, we can never lose the person that we truly are and even the best technology cannot take that away. Reference    What is Genetic Engineering. Mothers for Natural Law.   Retrieved 11 February 2008 at http://www.safe-food.org/-issue/ge.html Are We Playing God? Moral and Ethical Issues in Gene Therapy.   Retrieved 11 February 2008 at http://www.srtp.org.uk/genthpy1.htm#Manip Coates, J., Mahaffie, J., and Hines, A.   2007.   Genetic Engineering Benefits Society.   Retrieved 11 February 2008 at http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461576345/Does_Genetic_Engineering_Benefit_Society_.html Genetic Engineering.   Discovery Education.   Retrieved 11 February 2008 at http://school.discoveryeducation.com/lessonplans/programs/geneticengineering/ Ethical Issues Related To Life And Death.   Retrieved 11 February 2008 at http://www.anabaptists.org/tracts/deathtrc.html

Economics Practice Problems Essay Example for Free

Economics Practice Problems Essay 1. Which of the following would most likely cause equilibrium quantity and price of x to rise? (a)a fall in income when the income elasticity of demand for x is positive Wrong. This will cause a drop in demand and thus a fall in quantity. (b)a fall in the price of complementary product y Correct. A fall in a complementary product will cause a rise in demand for that product â€Å"y† and thus a rise in demand of product â€Å"x† (see graph). (c)a fall in the price of substitute product Z Wrong. A fall in a substitute product will cause an increase in the demand for product Z and thus a fall in the demand for product x. (d)an increase in the cost of producing x Wrong. The increase in production cost will decrease supply (see graph). (e)a fall in the price of product A which is jointly produced with x Wrong. A fall in price of a jointly produced product will give the incentive to produce more A. If this incentivizes the producer to also increase the supply of x, the effect would be opposite as in (d): less price and more quantity. 2. Which of the following is not characteristic of a cartel situation? (a)While disagreement over production quotas may occur, once set, there is little incentive for cheating. Correct answer. In a cartel there are incentives to cheat (all other are characteristics of a cartel). (b)There is an incentive for some producers not to join. (c)Entry of new producers is a threat to the cartels viability. (d)Long-run demand elasticity can pose an obstacle to success. (e)Output must be less than the competitive case for the cartel to be effective.

Dantes Influences On Shelley And Eliot English Literature Essay

Dantes Influences On Shelley And Eliot English Literature Essay Dantes canon, The Divine Comedy, has influenced many British poets both thematically and stylistically. There is an interpretation though, that British poets all borrowed from Dante in a traditional way. I will attempt, by contrasting two British poets, to disprove this interpretation. This paper will compare Shelley and Eliots influences from Dante as presented in two works: The Triumph of Life and The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock. It is important to define the terms, in discussing the issue of the canons influence on the British. A canonical work may be a work that has been accepted into the literary canon, one that has become a touchstone in the reading and teaching of literature. But the term canonical can suggest something else: that the work is orthodox and somewhat represents the central authoritative position at that moment in time. The term has become so loaded with religious connotations that it is often hard to separate the former from the latter. Western critics have o ften maintained that English poets have merely borrowed from Dantes Divine Comedy as a canonical work. There are two occurrences surrounding the poets borrowings. The first one is that Shelley, as a Romanticist, borrowed Dantes form; yet, he was progressive and unorthodox in presenting the content i.e he did not use Dantes traditional content. The second one is that Eliot borrowed Dantes content; yet, he did not use Dantes form as Shelley did. Word Count: 237 I. Introduction From the characterization to the plot, any author who truly wishes to make an impact on the lives of his readers must perfect nearly every element of writing. Some authors strive to accomplish a goal far greater than being memorable; however, they strive to be infamous. In fact, a controversial novel often creates a far more memorable or significant experience than one, which is widely read and accepted even if that meant the authenticity of the material is compromised. In English literature, Dantes canonical work, the Divine Comedy, epitomizes his attempt at achieving a memorable experience. The underlying paradigm of life and suffering in Dantes works exist even beyond the boundaries of literature, as it had obvious impacts on the masses and politics. But, perhaps no other poetry shows a wider and deeper influence of Dante than in British poetry from the 20th century. In F.W Batesons essay, T. S. Eliot: The Poetry of Pseudo-Learning, Bateson notes that Eliot once admitted in The Sacred Wood: Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal; bad poets deface what they take, and good poets make it into something better, or at least something different. (Eliot) Whether this means that the work was borrowed in a religious context or as a touchstone, the stance is that English poets are no more than, put delicately, plagiarizers. This is by far an exaggeration and generalization of all English poets garnered from the reputation of the English for using Enlig htenment ideas after a revival. The clear flaw in this view is that T.S Eliot never used the canon as a reference to plagiarize off for the topic of his most acclaimed poem The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock. A paradigm shift from the Romantic views of his predecessors to his modernist view would not occur until the turn of the 20th century. His poem is a response to the canon and a critique on the orthodoxy of Romantic ideals. What happens if we can show that Eliot displays a modernist response to the canon and even a critique on the orthodoxy of his predecessors? Critics such as F.W Bateson would have to grant that Eliot was not identical to his predecessors and that his works, notwithstanding the obvious influence, interpreted the canon in a different approach. II. The Devout Eliot Among all the English poets, perhaps none shows a wider and deeper influence of Dante than in Thomas Stearn Eliot. His acquaintance with the great Italian arguably begins with the year of 1910 when Eliot begun his poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Prior to Eliot, there have been to lesser extents more or less obvious borrowings from the Divine Comedy as seen in Shelley, Longfellow, Lowell and even Chaucer. What distinguishes Eliot from his predecessors was his acknowledgement of the essence of poetry that can be extrapolated from the Divine Comedy. Amongst Eliots essays, he attributes a great deal of poetic inspiration and admiration for the style and language of The Divine Comedy and even goes to say in one article, It is a visual imagination in a different sense from that of a modern painter of still life: it is visual in the sense that he lived in an age in which men still saw visions. (Eliot) His realization was that there was a modern notion of poetry for locking itself within certain time constructs-something that The Divine Comedy had ultimately overcome. It is of no surprise then that prior to Eliot, Shelley declared that the Titians Assumption and the Paradiso of Dante as a commentary, is the sublimest achievement of Catholicism. (Shelley) In essence, Eliots stance differed in the view that he viewed the canon as an eternal standard transcending time, which unlike Shelley viewed the canon as a mere stylistic and social standard. As can be seen, on the most fundamental views of the canon, clearly Eliot deviates from the norm of opinions that great British poets maintained on the canons nature. Ergo, the statement that Eliot was the same as any other English borrower of Dantes works is wrong. In light of this fact, the norm of opinions that great British poets maintained were garnered in an age of Romanticism. III. Romanticism and Pre-Eliot Dante in England Yet, Pre-Eliot Dante in England was based on a central theme that was conceived by readers and poets alike. These readers typically conceived an enthusiasm for a Dante of gloom and macabre, based solely on a few celebrated passages in the Inferno notably the episode of Ugolino, a figure whose satanic hatreds are fueled by the indignity of political exile and the thirst for Revenge against Florence. A reason for this enthusiasm may be due to the preeminence of Romanticism in Europe at that time. Emphasis on the activity of the imagination was accompanied by a focus on the importance of intuition, instincts, and feelings, and Romantics generally put attention to the emotions as a necessary supplement to pure irrationality in the Age of Enlightenment. When this emphasis was applied to the creation of poetry, a very important shift of focus occurred. Wordsworths definition of all good poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings marks a turning point in literary history (Word sworth). By locating the ultimate source of poetry in the individual artist, the tradition, stretching back to the ancients, of valuing art primarily for its ability to imitate human life (that is, for its mimetic qualities) was reversed. Such reasoning or imagination gave impetus for poets of the second Romantic Movement in Great Britain such as Percy Bysshe Shelley to create picturesque representations of the canon that are left to be contemplated by human perception. While there are some subtle differences in each poet, perhaps due to the social movements that occurred within these poets life periods, there is an inevitable unifying link between all of them; that is that these poets consciously or unconsciously borrowed from Dante in a Romantic context. IV. Shelley, Conformer of Dantes form The aforementioned Shelley was one of the most important proponents to the Romantic Movement. Despite his relegation as a Romantic poet, Shelley appeared to exemplify characteristics that were atypical of the line of great Romantic poets. In the short essay of A Defense of Poetry Shelley attempts to clarify that, the functions of the poetical faculty are twofold: by one it creates new materials of knowledge, and power, and pleasure; by the other it engenders in the mind a desire to reproduce and arrange them according to a certain rhythm and order which may be called the beautiful and the good. Shelley is referencing to the vividness of the poetical faculty as a tools for humans to rearrange knowledge. He purposefully insinuates that all poetry imparts the reader with the desire to reproduce and arrange knowledge, power and pleasure into rhyme. He also realized that the canon was more of an aesthetic influence on the Romantic writers; that Romantic writers valued the canon for its vi vid imagery. However clarified Shelleys interpretation of Dantes poetry may have been there is no fine line and strict context to prove that Shelley is a single faceted romanticist. It is noteworthy, that Shelley had already abandoned the orthodox view that Dante was a stern moral judge and didactic Christian poet, portraying him as a visionary idealist and precursor of Renaissance enlightenment Dante was the first awakener of entranced Europe (Shelley). Critics realize the ambiguity in Shelleys conformation to Dantes views according to Richard Lansing, author of the Dante Encyclopedia, Shelley while rejecting Dantes politics and theology drew on his imagery for a number of works, including Prometheus Unbound, The Triumph of Life, and the Epipsychidion. Evidently, while displaying a gamut of opinions that conflicted with Dantes views on politics and society, Shelley admired Dantes imagery and poetic constructs. Shelley is the sole exception in the line of great poets to have borro wed from Dante in a romantic sense. In all verisimilitude, Shelley wrote this as a tribute to Dante and therefore ascribed every lines meaning with Dantes vivid imagery. Perhaps the most lucid representation of Dantes imagery can be found in Shelleys unfinished poem, The Triumph of Life. The Triumph of Life is incomplete breaking in mid-sentence with the question: Then, what is life? To the end, Shelley was searching for understanding of the human condition with the Romantic elements reflected in his work. The Triumph of Life is pessimistic in the sense that it underlines the illusion of human life. The Triumph of Life is a bleak visionary poem, the narrator in Dante manner has an encounter with the figure of Rousseau who guides him through the vision of hell. Rousseau is not free from the hellish vision of which he provides commentary. According to Bruce Woodcock from the University of Hull, He is as much a victim of the macabre dance of life as the mad revelling crowd of deluded souls who flock self-destructively into the wake of lifes chariot as it drives in triumph through and over them. (Woodcock) Rousseau is portrayed in the form of a tree stum p: an ironical metaphor expressing the malaise and futility of life. As such, The Triumph of Life is an ironical poem with the triumph being a cruel assertion of Lifes dominance over individual beings. In Rousseau, Shelley sees himself, Rousseaus point is that he was seduced by life itself which turned his mind to sand. The most noteworthy component of The Triumph of Life lies within its unique structure. We have already established the understanding that Romantics found value in the aesthetic form of the canon. Following that line of reasoning, Shelley obviously found the stylistic influences rather appealing, as can be seen from the terza rima rhyme scheme. The text proclaims itself by Dantes terza rima and circular rhyme suggesting the circles of hell. For instance, consider this passage: With the spent vision of the times that were And scarce have ceased to be.-Dost thou behold, Said my guide, those spoilers spoiled, Voltaire, Frederick, and Paul, Catherine, and Leopold, And hoary anarchs, demagogues, and sage- names which the world thinks always old, For in the battle Life and they did wage, She remained conqueror. I was overcome By my own heart alone, which neither age, Nor tears, nor infamy, nor now the tomb Could temper to its object.-Let them pass, I cried, the world and its mysterious doom Is not so much more glorious than it was, That I desire to worship those who drew New figures on its false and fragile glass. (Shelley) There is nothing in particular about this passage that reveals structure that is necessarily different from the canon: Shelley still abides by the narrative form, the rhyme scheme and the allusions in the canon. Moreover, Shelley puts particular emphasis on the achievements of great intellectuals. The likes of Voltaire, Catherine the Great, and Leopold conjure an unorthodox image of mankind and that is that human nature is progressive, dynamic. Thus, humans are destined to pioneer new movements this distinction that Shelley makes from his work opposes Dantes theological commentary. To that end, Shelleys works were not byproducts of Dantes content, but rather aggregates of Dantes form and Shelleys humanism. V. Eliot and Dantes Roles as Social Critics With the arrival of Eliot and his poem The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock, the idealistic views of 19th century Romanticism were shattered and there was a paradigm shift into more modernist views of the canon. So what exactly was the modernist response of the canon in The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock? It was actually a culmination of Dantes influence on Eliot, in which he materialized into a poem containing huge philosophical inquiries different from the Romantic poets. Concerning the nature of Eliots borrowing from Dante, The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock does reveal a close connection between the two, but there is evidence to suggest otherwise. Evidence would make it seem as if Eliot had intended to make his work a representation of Dantes Inferno through Prufrock. To demonstrate the close connection between the Inferno and Prufrock, take the epigraph for example: If I thought my reply were to one who could ever return to the world, this flame would shake no more; but since, if what I hear is true, none ever did return alive from this depth, I answer you without fear of infamy.                      Dante, Inferno The epigraph to this poem, from Dantes Inferno, describes Prufrocks ideal listener: one who is as lost as the speaker and will never reveal to the world the feelings within Prufrocks present confessions. Despite his desires for such a listener, it is evident that no such figure exists, and due to the forced circumstances, be content with endless contemplation. However, to suggest that Eliot was an heir to Shelley, assuming there is any affinity at all, is an unsubstantiated view that few readers will ever seriously consider. Indeed, in Eliots earlier essays contain remarks so forthright that it would seem preposterous to liken the two. Shelleys ideas were seen as the ideas of adolescence, repellant, ideas bolted whole and never assimilated, and the man himself as humourless, pedantic, self-centered, and sometimes almost a blackguard. The formal qualities of his poetry are scorned as well. What complicates the problem still further, Eliot claims is that in poetry [as] fluent as Shelle ys there is a good deal which is just bad jingling. (Eliot) With these remarks at hand, Eliot not only seems to be less than likely to have been influenced by Shelley, but in fact, a predecessor to Shelleys modern day negative critics. In light of this fact, Eliot has distanced himself from the Romantic poet. This distancing between Eliot and Shelley is also evident in their poetic structures. Take for instance this excerpt from The Love Song of Alfred J Prufrock: Streets that follow like a tedious argument Of insidious intent To lead you to an overwhelming question. Oh, do not ask, What is it? Let us go and make our visit. Although The Love Song of Alfred J Prufrock most closely conforms to a rhyme scheme as can be seen by the second, third, and fourth verses, this excerpt exhibits a deviation from the standard rhyme scheme into free verse where rhyme is not evident. Shelley on the other hand employed a strict constructionist approach in creating poetic form for The Triumph of Life. The terza rima that was demonstrated throughout his verses shows, as previously stated, a borrowing of aesthetic qualities from Dantes work while clearly Eliot found little interest in borrowing Dantes rhyme scheme. It is curious then to examine what Eliot borrowed from Dante. In lieu of form, Eliot borrowed heavily in content, and it is not so difficult to see the similarity in the two. The Love Song of Alfred J Prufrock is a representation of the frustration and malaise in the daily life of a modern man. The epigraph itself was intended to show Eliots take on the modern man. Because the poem is concerned mostly with the erratic and to some extent ridiculous pondering of the narrator, the most significant issue lies over what Prufrock is attempting to accomplish. Many believe that Prufrock is attempting to confess to an unknown romantic interest as he alludes to the various physical characteristics in women: hair, clothing, and the body. Prufrocks romantic interest is also evident when he states, I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. I do not think that they will sing to me. I have seen them riding seaward on the waves/ Combing the white hair of the waves blown back/ When the wind bl ows the water white and black (Perrine). Still there is the alternative view that Prufrock is providing a deeper philosophical insight to the society. According to Mc Coy and Harlans, authors of English Literature from 1785, For many readers in the 1920s, Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and impotence of the modern individual. He seemed to represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment. Such phrases as I have measured out my life in coffee spoons (line 51) capture the sense of the unheroic nature of life in the twentieth century. Prufrocks weaknesses could be mocked, but he is a pathetic figure, not grand enough to be tragic. (McCoy) In that sense, Eliot was concerned more with the individual and its purpose in life which demonstrated an emphasis on rationality in defining an individuals existence. This coincides with Prufrock, who, like Ugolino in the canon, is a subject to be ridiculed at. They are subjects who are not to be emulated due to their perpetuation of offenses. Concerning Prufrocks sin as Dante would have called it, it is very subtle and can easily be dismissed as the musing of a mentally instable man. Yet, Prufrock introduces a suspicious symbol around the fifteenth line. Initially, the reader can assume the fog as a wandering cat on the alleys and streets, yet the fog can also be interpreted as somewhat an enigma that symbolizes the elusive nature of love. Although Prufrock is a timorous, feeble and frightened man who does not dare to speak to an audience, presumably his love interest, he often contemplates on doing so. He often wonders, how [he] should begin and how [he] should presume with the butt end ways of his days. In many ways, he confines his own desires so that any vestiges of lust or action are diminished into a passive state. Consequently, elusive qua lities of the fog insinuate Prufrock recognition of loves intangibility: For the yellow smoke that slides along the street, Rubbing its back upon the window-panes;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25 There will be time, there will be time To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet; There will be time to murder and create, And time for all the works and days of hands That lift and drop a question on your plate;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 Time for you and time for me, And time yet for a hundred indecisions, And for a hundred visions and revisions, Before the taking of a toast and tea. (Eliot) While it may seem admirable that there is a lack of passion and lust for love, the canon was in fact concerned with the passivity of the Christian church which inhibited any religious and or social progress. Prufrock commits the same sin by self inducing himself into a state of limbo, where decision is inevitably a hundred indecisions (Eliot). Likewise, Ugolino fulfills the same purpose in underlining a perpetuation of sin. As aforementioned, his sin is the commitment of treason as a Florentine. Dantes condemnation of Ugolino is however much more explicit than Eliots condemnation of Prufrock. And so through the condemnation of Prufrock, Eliot has ridiculed mankinds inclination to moral decay. VI. Conclusion Considering all of the influences on which Dante has become on Shelley and Eliot, there is an implied irony in the evolution of British poetry. The radically progressive ideas of Shelley in The Triumph of Life are conspicuous indications of Shelleys deviation from the traditional Romantic. In addition to proposing the dogma that emotion is a key supplement to reason, Shelley augments the significance of mankind as the most important unit in the universe. As a result, for realists such as H.H Price, Shelleys belief turns into an axiomatic truth. This may explain why Shelley admired the canon solely for its aesthetic qualities and not for the orthodox content. It is ironic though that as a contemporary of Shelley, Eliot would revert back to Dantes concerns in humanitys moral decay. When juxtaposing these two British poets, it is possible to conclude that the unifying link lies within the unorthodoxy of their ideas in the period that they lived in. Shelley was for example tilting more t owards a humanistic perspective while Eliot assumed Dantes role as a social reformer in a modernist milieu. Thus, Dantes presence as a paramount influence in British poetry was such that it would not have been surprising if Eliot had incorporated Dantesque ideas into his poetry. Indeed, the epigraph and even the stylistic qualities of the narrator remind the readers of the canon. Based on Virgils role as a guide to Dante in the canon, Prufrock bears a striking resemblance in his role as a guide to the readers. The role of Dante is filled by the readers hence employing an illusory effect on the latter. Furthermore, in contrast to romantic poems, the poem in its entirety evoked the image of a non conventional outlook towards mankind. By grasping the aforementioned eternal standard, Eliot augmented the importance of the human race in 20th century literature, a concept that previously did not exist.

Case Study: Office Depot Essay -- Business Case Study

(1) What marketing orientation or approach does Office Depot appear to be using now? How does Office Depot create value for its customers? Describe two things it could do it move it more toward implementing the marketing concept. After the situation has been addressed by Steve Haines, Office Depot appears to be using a societal marketing concept approach. A societal marketing approach is carried out by making good marketing decisions through considering consumers’ wants, the company’s requirements, consumers’ long-run interests, and society’s long-run interests. This tactic focuses on delivering value to customers to improve the consumer and the society’s well-being. Office Depot appears to be focusing on the building profitable customer relationships process of marketing to build value. They are taking their customer relationship management process into account to build their customer relations by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction. They are also realizing that their customers are very important to the success of their firm and are striving to fix any problems associated with their actions. They are trying to create value for their customers by building strong relationships for more reasons than just the idea of profits. A business’s marketing aim is to build specific relationships with the â€Å"right† customers. It is essential to create value for these targeted customers and to obtain a higher customer equity. Two things that Office Depot should do to move it more toward carrying out the marketing concept could include addressing the issues with their services directly to the employees and allowing their customers to realize that their feedback is greatly appreciated and that their ideas and opinions will b... ...s customer service operation and learned of Steve's story, what steps would you take? I would be very upset if I were in charge of Office Depot's customer service operation and learned of Steve's story. I would take several steps to try to resolve the situation. It would be a good idea to require my employees to take several courses that focus on stressing specific customer relations skills. I would also design a policy that each employee would be required to follow when dealing with customers. This would ensure that all employees were displaying good customer relation skills. I also think that it would be a good idea to individually address this specific situation to the employee involved. Maybe, for example, the employee is not aware of what he is doing wrong. Employees need to be individually and specially trained in their field of association with the company.

Vasovagal Syncope Essay -- Fainting Medical Health Essays

Vasovagal Syncope My best friend "Dirk" can easily be picked out of a crowd. His 6'7 stature, impressive muscle mass, very blond hair, big blue eyes, and booming voice cause many people to stare at him-once, in Europe, a Japanese couple asked if they could take a picture of him. Addicted to weight lifting and athletics, my friend does not always enjoy admitting that he is a computer engineer-yes, my 22-year-old buddy is still afraid of the geek label. There is something else to which Dirk will not readily admit-he faints at the sight of blood. In fact, many things can trigger his fainting spells: blood, vomit, overheating, etc. Dirk lives next door to my parents; we grew up together. Recently, he and my sister ran over from his house to ours, which is a distance of about 50 feet. My sister had not worn shoes; when they got to our house, they walked through two rooms before Dirk got dizzy. My sister had cut her foot, and the blood that had spread over the tile floor made Dirk turn his head away, and sit down. My mother ran to the rescue-Dirk's, not my sister's. She helped him breath deeply, and luckily he avoided fainting. A few Christmases ago, Dirk caught a stomach virus. He made it to the bathroom just in time, but seconds after vomiting, he fell to the floor, and blocked the door. His parents frantically tried to open the door, they tried to revive him by screaming for probably five minutes, which seemed like an eternity to them at the time. Eventually they revived him. The summer before that Christmas, Dirk was golfing with his high school's golf team on a hot July afternoon. At the end of the course, he and his coach walked to the parking lot. All of a sudden, Dirk toppled like a tree onto th... ...ncope. Perhaps more research will lead to more conclusive knowledge about the condition. Works Cited: 1)Med Help International, This website offers a forum for those with medical questions, allowing them to ask the advice of a physician. http://www.medhelp.org/forums/cardio/archive/5482.html 2)London Cardiac Institute, This organization provides information to patients on several conditions. The patients are referred to the pages by their physicians. http://www.londoncardiac.ca/pages/vvs.htm 3)Karen Yontz Women's Cardiac Awareness Center, Health Wise Physician's Corner provides information about several medical conditions. http://www.karenyontzcenter.org/healthwise/phys_corner/phys_cor_Berger.htm 4)Tilt Table Test http://pwp.netcabo.pt/0413553701/tilt_eng.htm 5)Health and Age http://www.healthandage.com/html/res/com/ConsHerbs/Licoricech.html

Shays Rebellion :: essays research papers

Troubled Farmers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the first years of peacetime, following the Revolutionary War, the future of both the agrarian and commercial society appeared threatened by a strangling chain of debt which aggravated the depressed economy of the postwar years†.1 This poor economy affected almost everyone in New England especially the farmers. For years these farmers, or yeomen as they were commonly called, had been used to growing just enough for what they needed and grew little in surplus. As one farmer explained â€Å" My farm provides me and my family with a good living. Nothing we wear, eat, or drink was purchased, because my farm provides it all.†2 The only problem with this way of life is that with no surplus there was no way to make enough money to pay excessive debts. For example, since farmer possessed little money the merchants offered the articles they needed on short-term credit and accepted any surplus farm goods on a seasonal basis for payment. However if the farmer experienced a poor crop, shopkeepers usually extended credit and thereby tied the farmer to their businesses on a yearly basis.3 During a credit crisis, the gradual disintegration of the traditional culture became more apparent. During hard times, merchants in need of ready cash withdrew credit from their yeomen customers and called for the repayment of loans in hard cash. Such demands showed the growing power of the commercial elite.4 As one could imagine this brought much social and economic unrest to the farmers of New England. Many of the farmers in debt were dragged into court and in many cases they were put into debtors prison. Many decided to take action: The farmers waited for the legal due process as long as them could. The Legislature, also know as the General Court, took little action to address the farmers complaints. 5 â€Å"So without waiting for General Court to come back into session to work on grievances as requested, the People took matters into their own hands.†6 This is when the idea for the Rebellion is decided upon and the need for a leader was eminent. The Rebellion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The person that was chosen to lead the rebellion was Daniel Shays. Shays, born in Hopkinton Massachusetts, grew up as a farmer before he fought for his country in the War for Independence. During the War he fought in such key battles as the Battle of Lexington, Bunker Hill and Saratoga.

Causation and Effectuation Theory

As Sara D. Scratchy states: â€Å"Causation processes take a reticular effect as given and focus on selecting between means to create that effect. † The underlying assumption in this theory is that if one can predict the future, it can be controlled. Causation focuses on using different means In order to achieve an agreed upon goal. Lets look at a simple example to clarify the notion. A chef In a kitchen wants to prepare a meal. HIS first step Is to contact the clients, and ask them what they want to eat.From there, he goes to the shop and buys the necessary Ingredients to complete his menu. This qualifies as causation, as the chef begins with the final dish in mind, ND later decides which ingredients are necessary to make the desired meal. The example simplifies the causation theory. Indeed, under this notion, entrepreneurs envision a clear notion of the outcome they want to achieve, and from there, take necessary measures to achieve this goal. Thus, causation involves a grea t amount of time and research in order to come out with realistic outcomes and expectations for the project.Entrepreneurs start with the big picture of the project, and then take their decisions progressively on all the details of their venture, In order to attain their ultimate goal. The theory of causation requires some detail in order to be applied. Along with having set a specific goal, alternative means need to be established. The means of this process may be applied within three different levels: on a personal level, at the organization's level, or at the economy's level.On a personal level, managers are knowledgeable of their own traits, characteristics, as well as the social networks that they can access and use. At the organization's level, the means represent the physical resources one has at his disposal. These encompass human, technological, and uncial resources. Lastly, at the economic level, the means of the causation theory include, among others, demographic and socio political institutions. Another detail needing to be considered when applying the causation theory Is the constraints facing the means being applied.These Involve any limitations one can encounter while trying to apply the means to get to the goal. Limitations might Include Atlanta constraints, sun as Educate, or unman resources constraints, sun as a lack of personnel. The last detail needing to be considered is the criteria used to hose a set of means over another. This last detail is influenced by how good the outcome will actually be. Indeed, every entrepreneur and manager tries to maximize revenues and profits at all times and thus, at every stage of the causation theory. Causation deals with both pros and cons.First, the theory analyzes into detail every possibility to a venture, and requires the decision-maker to focus on every aspect of it. This analysis proves to be excellent in exploiting knowledge and reaching the best decision according to the acquired understanding. More over, causation implies that he future is controlled, given the goal is to achieve an already set and agreed-upon objective. Therefore, the theory of causation is very effective in terms of static, linear and rather stable environments. The fixed goal leaves is little room for adaptation and changes.Thus, the causation theory is more applicable for existing markets. Indeed, entrepreneurs wishing to enter a business have the sources, along with the necessary information that is required to analyze and assess the desired goal, as well as the means necessary to acquire that goal. Indeed, when the entrepreneur knows receives what firm he or she wants to create, rather than Just having a general idea of what he or she wishes to achieve, such as making a lot of money, the entrepreneur can look at these existing markets to determine the outcome that is likely to be attained, and come out with a realistic objective.In a nutshell, causation rests on the logic of prediction, expected returns, a competitive analysis, the exploitation of preexisting knowledge, and the prediction of an uncertain future. Effectuation is another process through which firms are created. The word effectuate symbolizes the action of putting into force or operation. The word effectuation reminds us of the process of causing something to happen. In Economics, the effectuation process is the alternative to the causation process. Contrarily to causation, effectuation is actor dependent.It focuses on the aspect of controlling the future rather than predicting it. The underlying assumption under the effectuation theory is that, if one can control the future, it does not need to be predicted. Thus, this theory focuses on how to exploit the available contingencies in order to control an unpredictable future. Rather moving inwards like the causation theory does, the effectuation theory moves outward. Indeed, entrepreneurs and managers exploit the contingencies they have available at hand, and try to cre ate an outcome within these available means.Instead of looking at the result wanted and then choosing the means to achieve them, they focus on what is available at the moment and concentrate on how to exploit these channels. Looking Deck at our cent example, IT en were to De slung ten effectuation process, ten chef would first look at what is available in the kitchen cupboard. From what is deadly available, he would create a menu that he would then present to his customers. Thus, the contingencies are the ingredients and instruments available in the kitchen, and the possible outcomes are any dishes that are able to be prepared with these available contingencies.Indeed, as Sara Scratchy would explain, ;effectuation processes take a set of means as given and focus on selecting between possible effects that can be created with that set of means† (Scratchy, 2001). Effectuation process rejects the rational and goal oriented thinking which follows the causation process. Indeed, the effectuation theory leaves room for flexibility and creativity. When using this process, entrepreneurs are required to come up with solutions according to the available means, which can prove to be a very difficult process, as it requires a great deal of creativity.The set of means used within the effectuation theory are the same used in the causation theory; personal means(who the person is), organizational means(human resources, financial resources), and economic means(demographic). The effectuation process starts with a course, possible effects conceivable through he various resources of these means, constraints on these possible effects, and ultimately the criteria for selecting between the various potential outcomes.Under the effectuation theory, given the future is highly unpredictable, entrepreneurs and managers look at the most affordable loss that the chosen effect will lead to. This opens up the notion of risk, which is essential to the effectuation theory. To be sure, whi le the causation theory focuses on maximizing profits, the effectuation theory chooses to concentrate on the effects that will lead to the most affordable loss. Effectual thinkers emphasize worst-case situations.The effectuation theory is most efficient when used in highly unstable environments and nonexistent markets. In such uncertain environments, the effectual thinkers have the ability of adapting and creating the best venture for the given environment. It is also better to use this process when the entrepreneur only has a general idea of where he wants to go. Thus, effectuation processes focus on affordable loss, strategic alliances, exploitation of contingencies and controlling an unpredictable future.