The Role of Theory in Social Research Essay Example For Students

The Role of Theory in Social Research Essay The role of theory in social research is that without a sociological theory, nothing can be sociological. Facts disconnected from theory are just facts. Theory makes the facts speak; the facts don’t and cannot speak for themselves. Without a connection to other facts, we cannot assess anything. With theory, you can relate facts to each other. Theory is the body of interrelated logical concepts or universals that connect to empirical facts and phenomena. Empirical research is okay as long as there is theory involved with it. Theory helps us select which facts are important and which are not. Theory also allows us to organize the facts. Theory helps us create a story and tell which the dependent is and which the independent variable is. Theory points us to what we don’t know, which is the point of all the research in sociology. We will write a custom essay on The Role of Theory in Social Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Theory also allows different concepts of sociology to talk to each other, and that allows sociology to progress. Emile Durkheim had stated in â€Å"What is a Social Fact?† that reason develops theories and, and observation backs them up. According to Durkheim, social facts are not ideas, they are facts and they are observable. Facts without a certain theory backing them are and will be meaningless. We had talked about this in the very beginning of the semester about how stating certain statistics such as ‘men make .75 cents more than women’ might be true, but just stating that will not be enough. In sociology, what need to be done are the reasons for stating that fact, and what it means for the society as a whole. Therefore, facts cannot stand alone without theory because they complete each other in a way. Talcott Parsons gives a different example in regards to this; â€Å"Few if any empiricists are content with discre. .heories. Because Durkheim came way before Parsons and died when Parsons was basically a teenager, it is mainly Parsons that built on the work of Durkheim, as pointed out in the above paragraphs through his various theories, however his theories and Durkheim’s are very much interrelated and have the potential to connect because both of these theorists were engaged in figuring out social order, and though their answers were not exactly the same, Durkheim’s division of labor and social facts and Parsons unit of act and social systems are very much relatable as has been explained above. Works CitedDurkheim, Emile. (1984). Mechanical and Organic Solidarity. NY: Free Press.Durkheim, Emile. The Rules of Sociological Method. NY: Free Press, 1982.Lecture Notes.Parsons, Talcott. (1938). The Role of Theory in Social Research. American Sociological Review. 3(1), 13-20.

Gay Marriage Essays

Gay Marriage Essays Gay Marriage Essay Gay Marriage Essay Alissa Mincey September 24, 2012 EH 101 Jones â€Å"The Case for (Gay) Marriage Response† Blended Response Gay marriage discussions are highly present in our society. Student writer, A. J. Chavez argues that not only should marriage occur between a man and a woman, but also the same sex. He articulates his thoughts on how if the same sex feels the same way a straight couple feels, and then it shouldn’t be a problem. However, our society uses religious views and traditional morals to restrain gay marriage. Apparently, we as a nation are indecisive on this issue today. The student writer states valid arguments and backs it up completely. In Chavez’s essay, he argues his point of view on gay civil unions. His argument begins with, â€Å"What if this was a gay world, and you were straight? † This gives the reader an idea from their own perspective on how it would be if he or she was in that predicament. He states in his first argument that the legalization of gay marriage will establish equality for all. I completely agree because the gay society is very much discriminated today. They don’t have the rights he or she wants to receive. : With an excessive use of epidurals and medication comes consequences Just a few common ones Include stalling labor adding additional stress on the baby, higher risk for C-sections. Natural childbirth In any and all studies and medical professionals show It Is more beneficial to both mom and baby Natural birth Is medically safer for mother and baby. Anesthesia and other Interventions, when used without medical indication, present risks to their health, which may include: drop in maternal blood pressure: drop in fetal heart tones; decrease in uterine contractile; increased incidence of labor dissociate; increased need for Piton augmentation (Perez 239). An epidural might be easier and convenient; however it Is not natural childbirth. Natural childbirth with my experience gave me the complete feeling of euphoria once my daughter was born. My 14-hour labor with the knowledge I knew prior to going into the hospital was not painful for me at all until the last 3 hours. A big factor to my success was I was not scared. Many women dont even feel their contraction before getting the epidural because theyre scared of the pain, but our bodies are naturally capable of handling this pain and we are able to work through It. Natural childbirth Is difficult; however a womans body Is designed for this function (Perez in natural child birth is not being scared and being completely relaxed. With the use f an epidural, many women when the time comes are unable to even feel the urge to push being unaware of something like that is dangerous for the baby when the baby is ready to come out and not getting them out is extremely dangerous by causing the heart rate to suddenly drop. When pain is entirely removed the feedback system is dis rupted and labor is likely to slow down and become less efficient (Laotian 1) this quote alone says so many things about how the use of drugs are not how a womans body is supposed to work You can see alone in the baby how much better going naturally is for the baby. The physical appearance between a medicated and unmediated baby are significantly different. A medicated baby is very sleepy, not alert eyes are drowsy, a non- medicated baby their eyes are wide open looking around. The bond with mother awake much longer than a medicated baby, initial skin-to-skin time a mother a child have after being born is extremely crucial to the bond between the two and yes a medicated baby will bond with the mother, however a study conducted by Dona Malone she shows the brain waves and heart rate between a baby whom was medicated and one who wasnt the non-medicated baby during skin-to-skin time had a much calmer (not as quick) heart rate, and the brain waves showed the baby bonded stronger to the mother Opposed to all physical and emotional benefits of natural childbirth there is an extra cost that many woman are unaware of. Not only are epidurals unsafe youre paying more for adding extra risks to your birthing process. You are paying for another dry. Bill and for the medicine itself of average an epidural ranges anywhere from 1,500-2,000 dollars on top of the initial cost to have a baby medicated or not is anywhere from 18,000-25,000 dollars (Boss 1418). Overall with all stats and studies showed undedicated natural childbirth is 100% more beneficial to mother and child.

Strategic Plan for Digital Music Organization EMI Essay

Strategic Plan for Digital Music Organization EMI - Essay Example According to a report by Cimilluca and Colchester (2011), in November 2011, the Citigroup announced a deal to sell EMI’s recorded music business to Universal Music Group for $1.9 billion and music publishing business to Sony/ATV consortium for 2.2 billion. This paper will suggest a strategic plan for this digital music organisation by referring to a number of strategic management theories including PESTLE analysis, Porter’s five forces model, SWOT analysis, and BCG matrix. PESTLE analysis Political factors The EMI maintains good relationship with overseas counties with intent to expand its business operations globally. Since the company offers extensive employee benefits including flexible work schedule, family friendly policies, and other flexible benefits; it gets full support from political environment. Economic factors The recent global economic recession has dreadfully affected economies worldwide and many of those economies are still under the process of recovery. Hence, the current economic environment is not favourable for the company. Socio-cultural factors Historically, music is present everywhere regardless of cultural variables such as customs, lifestyle, language, values, and beliefs. Hence, socio cultural factors provide the company with potential business environment. Technological factors The technology sector has been dramatically improving for the last two decades. The emergence of internet was a milestone in the history of music entertainment industry (BBC News, 2000). Therefore, current technological landscape is better for EMI’s business growth. Legal factors Governments worldwide have developed strict intellectual property laws and many of them specifically deal with music piracy issues. Thus, music entertainment industry is encouraged globally. Environmental factors People today are highly concerned about environmental sustainability. Therefore, increasing environmental concerns raise some sorts of challenges to every sector, and music entertainment industry is not an exception. Hence, EMI has to invest more on environmental sustainability so as to enhance its business growth. Porter’s five forces Degree of rivalry While analyzing the music entertainment industry, it seems that degree of competitive rivalry is very high. Since EMI is a multinational company, it struggles to confront with regionally focused rivals that are more knowledgeable about people’s music tastes. Hence, the company is forced to depend upon price cutting and M&A strategies to survive market competition. Buyer power In music entertainment industry, buyer power is relatively high since there are numerous potential sellers. In addition, market giants like Sony offers quality products to customers at cheaper rates; this situation compels EMI to cut its prices in order retain its customers. Supplier power EMI has high bargaining power over its suppliers as the organisation is well reputed for its quality music prod ucts and services. Since there are large number of potential suppliers in the industry, supplier price changes would not affect EMI’s business activities. Moreover, supplier switching cost is very low in the music entertainment industry. Threat of new entrants Threat of new entrants is very high in the industry, particularly because of the

Social and Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social and Economic Development - Essay Example Every urban planner and developer has to take into consideration land zoning policies that in most cases, map the different land uses in a city. For example, these land zones indicate where the industries are to be located, where the central business district is to be situated or what land is designated for which public utilities. Furthermore, they must be very careful when determining the value of any land zone as different user will be willing to pay different prices for its utilization. The bid rent function is major determinants of the land rent and prices (Calthorpe & Fulton, 2001). This is because it illustrates how a firm or household is willing to pay for a land at different distances from the market place mostly the central business district. Urban planners must put into considerations pitfalls like the differentiating between public goods and private goods as well as the issue of externalities. Moreover, issues like education, water and sewerage service provisions, transport networks to the CBD to avoid traffic congestion and provision of health services to the urban population should be well planned for to avoid future conflict between the urban dwellers and the local government. Furthermore, proper taxation mechanisms should be structured and well outlined as this is the major source of income for these local governments and without them development and maintenance of the already existing infrastructures would be paralyzed or fail

International Business strategy - NOKIA on global market Essay

International Business strategy - NOKIA on global market - Essay Example Every company is gearing up to develop new applications in their Smartphone offering which ultimately decreases scope of creating differentiation for customers. Mobile industry review has pointed out companies need to customize their offering with Android OS in order to fulfil demand of customers. High buyer power has forced companies to adopt technological innovation in Smartphone in order to achieve product differentiation. Threat of Substitutes Fixed line telephones can be classified as direct substitute for mobile phones. For example, fixed line phones play important role in big organizations in comparison to mobile phones. It can be inferred that threat of substitutes becoming lower due to mobile phone’s multi application and wider geographic coverage. Mobile manufacturing companies need to adopt more technological innovations in their offering in order to increase acceptance in big organizations and decrease threat from substitutes further. ... Some companies are using Android operating system for their Smartphone’s while others are focusing on windows phone. Fixed costs associated with smart phone market are high due to requirement of investing in latest technologies. Hence it can be concluded that market rivalry is high. Global Smartphone market condition can be explained in the following manner. (Source: Deloitte, 2012) The diagram is showing that Global mobile phone market is dominated by Android OS while Apple iPhone OS is the second largest contributor. Companies are banking on Android OS to develop new products. Mobile manufactures try to establish equilibrium between Smartphone and features. The market segregation can be explained in the following manner: (Source: Deloitte, 2012) In future Companies will face specific threat from counterfeit products. Mobile manufacturers complemented by low resorce capabilities tend to imititate features and design of Smartphone manufacturered by reputed companies such as No kia, Samsung and Apple. Impact of such threat will increase in future. For example, small companies in copycats has counterfeited Nokia X6 product and launched in the market. Picture of counterfeited Nokia X6 can be used to analyze extent of counterfeiting in telecommunication industry. (Source: Delaney, 2012) Companies need to take strict legal action against counterfeits in order to maintain not only market share but brand image among customers. PEST Analysis- Nokia Political Factors Companies needs to follow respective government rule of different countries in order achieve sustainable business growth and demographic advantage (Zikmund and Babin, 2006, pp. 12-15). Global economy is complemented by

A Multi OBS: Framework for Cloud Brokerage Services

A Multi OBS: Framework for Cloud Brokerage Services Dr. J. Akilandeswari C.Sushanth ABSTRACT Cloud computing is one of major dynamically evolving area which provides business agencies to extend their process across the globe. Cloud broker mediates between cloud service provider and cloud consumers through API. Initially, cloud user submits the specification to the cloud broker and desires for the best cloud provider. Request from cloud users are processed by the cloud broker and best suited provider is allocated to them. This paper proposed an idea of introducing a MultiObjective Optimization technique in selecting a best provider for the cloud consumers. Once the service level agreement is assured, connection to appropriate cloud provider is established through cloud API. The negotiation can be modeled as middleware, and its services can be provided as application programming interfaces. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) specification of each provider is considered and compared with requirement specified by cloud user. Keywords Cloud computing, Cloud Broker, MultiObjective Optimization. INTRODUCTION A cloud refers the interconnection of huge number of computer systems in a network. The cloud provider extends service through virtualization technologies to cloud user. Client credentials are stored on the company server at a remote location. Every action initiated by the client is executed in a distributed environment and as a result, the complexity of maintaining the software or infrastructure is minimized. The services provided by cloud providers are classified into three types: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). Cloud computing makes client to store information on remote site and hence there is no need of storage infrastructure. Web browser act as an interface between client and remote machine to access data by logging into his/her account. The intent of every customer is to use cloud resources at a low cost with high efficiency in terms of time and space. If more number of cloud service providers is providing almo st same type of services, customers or users will have difficulty in choosing the right service provider. To handle this situation of negotiating with multiple service providers, Cloud Broker Services (CBS) play a major role as a middleware. Cloud broker acts as a negotiator between cloud user and cloud service provider. Initially, cloud provider registers with cloud broker about its specification on offerings and user submits request to broker. Based on type of service, and requirements, best provider is suggested to the cloud user. Upon confirmation from the user, broker establishes the connection to the provider. RELATED WORKS OF CLOUD BROKERAGE SERVICES (CBS) Foued Jrad et al [1] introduced Intercloud Gateway and Open Cloud Computing Interface specification (OCCI) cloud API to overcome lack of interoperability and heterogeneity. Cloud users cannot identify appropriate cloud providers through the assistance of existing Cloud Service Broker (CSB). By implementing OCCI in Intercloud Gateway, it acts as server for service providers and OCCI act as a client in abstract cloud API. Cloud Broker satisfies users of both functional and non-functional requirements through Service Level Agreement (SLA). Intercloud Gateway acts as a front end for cloud providers and interacts with cloud broker. Identity Manager handles user authentication through unique ID.SLA Manager is responsible for negotiates SLA creation and storing. Match Manager takes care of selecting suitable resources for cloud users. Monitoring and Discovery Manager monitor SLA metrics in various resource allocations. Deployment manager is in charge of deploying services to cloud user. Abs tract cloud API provides interoperability. The user submits a request to SLA Manager and it parses the request into SLA parameters which is given to Match Maker. By applying algorithm Match Maker find best suited solution and response is passed to the user. Upon user acceptance a connection is provided by service providers. Through this architecture, interoperability is achieved, but this cannot assure best matching cloud service provider to the client. Tao Yu and Kwei-Jay Lin [2] introduces Quality of Service (QoS) broker module in between cloud service providers and cloud users. The role of QoS information is collecting information about active servers, suggesting appropriate server for clients, and negotiate with servers to get QoS agreements. The QoS information manager collects information required for QoS negotiation and analysis. It checks with the Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) registry to get the server information and contacts servers for QoS inform ation such as server send their service request and QoS load and service levels. After receiving clients functional and QoS requirements, the QoS negotiation manager searches through the broker’s database to look for qualified services. If more than one candidate is found, a decision algorithm is used to select the most suitable one. The QoS information from both server and QoS analyzer will be used to make the decision. By using this architecture load balancing factor of server is maintained for a large number of users, but not efficient in delivering best suited provider to the client. HQ and RQ allocation algorithm is proposed to maximize server resource while minimizing QoS instability for each client. The HQ allocation algorithm is to evenly divide available resource among required client based on active clients. RQ assigns a different service level to client based on requirements. Josef Spillner et al [3] provided solution is to subdivide resource reservation into either serial or parallel segments. Nested virtualization provides services to cloud user. The outcome is a highly virtualizing cloud resource broker. The system supports hierarchically nested virtualization with dynamically reallocate capable resources. A base virtual machine is dedicated to enabling the nested cloud with other virtual machines is referred to as sub-virtual machine running at a higher virtualization level. The nested cloud virtual machine is to be deployed by the broker and offers control facilities through the broker configurator which turn it into a lightweight infrastructure manager. The proposed solution yields the higher reselling power of unused resources, but hardware cost of running virtual machine will be high to obtain the desired performance. Chao Chen et al [4] projected objectives of negotiation are minimize price and guaranteed QoS within expected timeline, maximize profit from the margin between the customers financial plan and the providers negotiated price, maximize profit by accepting as many requests as possible to enlarge market share. The proposed automated negotiation framework uses Software–as-a-Service (SaaS) broker which is utilized as the storage unit for customers. This helps the user to save time while selecting multiple providers. The negotiation framework helps user to assist in establishing a mutual agreement between provider and client through SaaS broker. The main objective of the broker is to maintain SLA parameters of cloud provider and suggesting best provider to customer. Negotiation policy translator maps customers QoS parameters to provider specification parameters. Negotiation engine includes workflows which use negotiation policy during the negotiation process. The decision making syst em uses decision making criteria to update the negotiation status. The minimum cost is incurred for resource utilization. Renegotiation for dynamic customer needs is not solved. Wei Wang et al [5] proposed a new cloud brokerage service that reserves a large pool of instances from cloud providers and serves users with price discounts. A practical problem facing cloud users is how to minimize their costs by choosing among different pricing options based on their own demands. The broker optimally exploits both pricing benefits of long-term instance, reservations and multiplexing gains. Dynamic approach for the broker to make instant reservations with the objective of minimizing its service cost is achieved. This strategy controls, dynamic programming and algorithms to quickly handle large demands. A smart cloud brokerage service that serves cloud user demands with a large pool of computing instances that are dynamically launched on-demand from IaaS clouds. Partial usage of the billing cycle incurs a full cycle charge, this makes user to pay more than they actually use. This broker uses single instance to serve many users by time-multiplexing usage, reducing cos t of cloud user. Lori MacVittie [6] introduces broker as a solution to integrate hybrid policy without affecting control in services. The integration between cloud and datacenter is done with cloud broker integration at the process layer. Brokers deploy vast amount of applications for customer through infrastructure defined by corporate enforced policies. Identity broker module communicates with datacenter through authorization and authentication mechanism. The real-time implementation of cloud broker is achieved by two types of architectures: Full-proxy broker and Half-proxy broker. In Full-proxy broker requests are processed through the tunneling and implemented in many ways such as VPN. In Half-proxy broker only validation of the request is done by broker, successive communication established directly. This model defines how the request can be handled in late binding. A cloud delivery broker can make decision, such as where to revert user upon request. Hybrid cloud must be able to describe capabil ities such as bandwidth, location, cost, type of environment. PROPOSED SOLUTION: The proposed system works based on MultiObjective Optimization technique. Cloud broker consists of two phases namely, resource manager and pareto analysis. 3.1 Resource Manager: The resource manager is involved in storing specification of the each cloud service provider which is stored in the local database of the cloud broker. Upon request from the cloud user, based on user specification, appropriate cloud provider is assigned. The specification can be of IaaS or Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) or Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) type needed by user. 3.2 Pareto Analysis: Pareto analysis is procedure of making decision based on importance of input parameters specified by user. This process assigns scores to each parameter which makes large impact on the output. The first step in analysis is to identify the factors which have large influence on output and then sort out objectives based on user preferences. Pareto analysis uses MultiObjective Optimization (MOO) technique in deciding best cloud provider for user requirements. Fig 1 Framework for Cloud Brokerage Services From the above figure it is evident that optimized solution can be obtained from proposed algorithm in the cloud broker. 3.3 MultiObjective Optimization Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA): The Non-dominated Sorting Approach-2 (NSGA-2) algorithm is computationally fast among all non-dominated sorting approach in MOEA. This algorithm is used to select optimized output for the user specified requirement. The algorithm works as follows: Fig. 2. Modified NSGA-2 Algorithm for Cloud Brokerage Services (CBS). The optimized objective is made to tournament selection [7] and recombination procedure for best cloud provider. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS: The development of a cloud brokerage services framework is getting momentum since its usage is pervasive in all verticals. The works till now considered the scenario of more than two cloud service provider providing the same level of requirements to the user. This scenario will able to identify optimized cloud providers for the users to choose an appropriate provider. The Cloud Broker Services will act on behalf of the user to choose a particular service provider for providing service to the user. If Cloud Broker Service becomes a standard middleware framework, many chores of cloud service providers can be taken by CBS. 5. REFERANCES Foued Jrad, Jie Tao, Achim Streit, SLA Based Service Brokering in Intercloud Environments. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science, pp. 76-81, 2012. Tao Yu and Kwei-Jay Lin, The Design of QoS Broker Algorithms for QoS-Capable Web Services, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on e-Technology, e-Commerce and e-Service, pp. 17-24, 2004. Josef Spillner, Andrey Brito, Francisco Brasileiro, Alexander Schill, A Highly-Virtualising Cloud Resource Broker, IEEE Fifth International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, pp.233-234, 2012. Linlin Wu, Saurabh Kumar Garg, Rajkumar Buyya, Chao Chen, Steve Versteeg, Automated SLA Negotiation Framework for Cloud Computing, 13th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing, pp.235-244, 2013. Wei Wang, Di Niu, Baochun Li, Ben Liang, Dynamic Cloud Resource Reservation via Cloud Brokerage, Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, July 2013. Lori MacVittie, Integrating the Cloud: Bridges, Brokers, and Gateways, 2012. Kalyanmoy Deb, Amrit Pratap, Sameer Agarwal, and T. Meyarivan, A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm:NSGA-II. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 6, No. 2, April 2002.

Ralph changes †How does Golding show this? Essay

Golding uses several ways to describe and show what is meant. One of the characters that Golding has used writing to show how he has changed is Ralph. Ralph is firstly described as a child with no sense of responsibility. After he is selected as leader and several situations occur on the island, he becomes a good realistic leader. Ralph is one of the first characters described in the book. Before anything else, Golding introduces two characters. One we later find is called Ralph, another named Piggy. When Ralph first finds himself on the Island he doesn’t appear to have a vast sense of responsibility, or to be very mature in his thoughts. We can see this as when Piggy asks ‘All them other kids†¦Some of them must have got out. They must have, mustn’t they?’ Ralph’s reply is to get up and casually walk over to the water. Golding, instead of having Ralph reply ‘I don’t care’ or another known ignorant phrase has written that he just gets up and casually walks over to the water. This is not only a different way of showing that Ralph is not too bothered about being responsible, but creates a question in the readers’ mind. ‘What is it with this character?’ and can cause them to become tense, wanting to find out more. In the same conversation with Piggy, Ralph is again shown to have no real sense of maturity. Piggy is showing Ralph a cut on his arm and Ralph again doesn’t seemed to be bothered by it. ‘The fair boy (Ralph) reached out and touched the jagged end of a trunk. For a moment he looked interested’. Here Golding has said straight out that Ralph almost looked interested but really could not care less. Ralph again shows his ignorance by relying on his father to save him, whereas Piggy knows that is not going to be the case. ‘I could swim when I was five. Daddy taught me. He’s a commander in the Navy. When he gets leave he’ll come rescue us.’ I feel Golding chose this section of Speech from Ralph to show that he is relying on other people and does not think that he has to be dependable. He thinks that everything will be alright because his dad will come and rescue him. He is making no real effort to do things for himself, or for the others. As the book continues, Ralph and Piggy meet more children on the island and they all decide to elect Ralph as leader. At first Ralph does not appear to have been a good choice for a strong leader as he rushes into things. He gave Jack control of the choir straight from the beginning of his leadership, ‘The choir belongs to you, of course’. Golding has shown here that Ralph is trying to think responsibly by giving Jack control of the choir so that he doesn’t have to control everything himself, Democratically. But also that Ralph rushed straight into this decision. If he had stopped and thought about it, he could have had time to think of all the consequences of this decision. The fact that Jack could use this power to overthrow him. Later, however, Ralph does realise that he has to think over his decisions before he enforces them. He says ‘Listen, everybody. I’ve got to have time to think things out. I can’t decide what to do straight off. If this isn’t an island we might be rescued straight off’. This quotation also shows that he is beginning to think about being rescued since he has had the power of leadership. He is beginning to think more maturely, responsibly. Ralph shows signs of a strong leadership as the story goes on. Golding shows these by implementing them in Ralph’s speech and reactions. After he has become leader, his reactions to certain situations change. One of which is the situation that exists when the boys need to find out whether the island is actually an island. Ralph says ‘So we’ve got to decide if this is an island. Everybody must stay round here and wait and not go away†¦. Three of us will go on an expedition and find out.’ Here Golding is showing Ralph’s thoughts are starting to be trained and precise, reacting upon a situation. Earlier on in the book Ralph showed that he did not care to hear about Piggy as he stood on his head whilst he was talking to him. Golding later writes ‘There was no place for standing on one’s head. This time Ralph expressed the intensity of his emotion by pretending to knock Simon down; and soon they were a happy, heaving pile in the under-dusk’. This is explained by Golding to show that Ralph’s behaviour has also changed since he has had to become more responsible as chief. After Ralph has decided that a fire must be kept alight on top of the mountain to send smoke signals to a passing ship and that there had to be somebody maintaining the fire, Piggy took the conch. He stated that the firewood was piled up too much for a small fire. At that moment, the fire began to spread into the dead wood and across into trees. The island began to catch fire. In all the commotion, a smaller child was caught in amongst the fire and wasn’t seen again. ‘That little ‘un†¦.. him with the mark on his face, I don’t see him. Where is he now?’ Ralph was not able to say or act upon this case but was all part of his learning. Golding shows that Ralph realises he has done wrong and needs to think more before he acts by having him repeat part of his speech in amazement and shame. ‘Ralph muttered the reply as if in shame. â€Å"Perhaps he went back to the, the—–â€Å"‘. Later in the story Ralph remembers the little child and acts upon the situation that caused the memory to appear in the front of his mind. Another situation that causes Ralph to act and use the power of his leadership is when Jack takes the two twins, who are on fire watch, off to go hunting for meat when they are not really needed. Ralph and Piggy notice that a ship passes the island but at that point there is no smoke from the fire. They rush up to the top of the mountain and try to get some smoke before the ship passes. Unfortunately the ship passes before any smoke was made for signalling. When Jack and the others get back from a successful hunt they are all boasting. One of the first things that Ralph says to Jack is ‘You let the fire out’. Again, this shows Ralph’s change in attitude when he has to react to a situation. He has a sense of responsibility and a rage inside him because nobody listened to his reasoning and rules about the fire. Ralph continues to show his anger at Jack as he repeats his point that he took the twins away from the fire and let the fire out. He then said to relight the fire ‘Ralph’s final word was an ungracious mutter. â€Å"All right. Light the fire†. Here again, Golding is showing Ralph’s realisation of the situation by stating that Ralph is acting maturely with his power even though he may want to just shout at Jack for it. Ralph later uses his authority to show that he is taking charge. ‘I’m calling an assembly†¦.even if we have to go on into the dark’. This shows that Ralph does not care for messing around and immaturity at this time. He cares about his rules, keeping the fire alight and doing something about being rescued. In contrast to the beginning of the book, Ralph has taken it upon himself, along with his leadership, to start thinking about being saved after bad situations have occurred and he has realised that daddy won’t save him, its up to him to get everybody saved.

Experiment 5, Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil

September 30, 2012 Experiment 5, Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil Introduction: This experiment prepares synthetic banana oil (isopentyl acetate) through the Fisher esterification method by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic and sulfuric acid then heating the mixture under reflux for an hour. Esterification is a chemical reaction in which two reactants (an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Observations and Data: When the sulfuric acid was combined with the isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid, the mixture turned red (due to residue of another chemical remaining on glassware).During the wash of the organic layer, two distinct layers appeared, a yellow and a clear. The drying process took around 20 minutes through gravity filtration. The distillation process took around 15 to 20 minutes to begin boiling at 137? C and stay at 140? C for the remainder of distillation. After reaching optimum temperature distillation was complete within ten minutes. After the experiment was completed the final product was 97% ester, 3% alcohol. Compound| Percent Total| Isopentyl Acetate (Ester)| 97%|Isopentyl Alcohol (Alcohol)| 3%| Results and Discussion We began with 16. 2 mL of isopentyl alcohol and continued through the processes of reaction, separation, and purification until a final product was achieved. There were two peak areas appearing on the gas chromatogram, isopentyl alcohol and isopentyl acetate. The area of isopentyl alcohol (2) is 0. 255cm2 where the area of the isopentyl acetate (1) is 8. 4cm2. This results in the percentage of isopentyl alcohol (3) in the final product eing 3% and the percentage of isopentyl acetate (4) 97%. The percent yield (5)of isopentyl acetate is also 97%. 1 1 1. 1. 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate = = 2 2 (2 cm x 8. 4 cm) (2 cm x 8. 4 cm) = = 2 2 1 1 2. 2. 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol (1. 7 cm x 0. 3 cm) (1. 7 cm x 0. 3 cm) 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol 3% isopentyl alcohol 3% isopentyl alcohol = = 8. 655 cm2 total 8. 655 cm2 total X X 100% 100% 3. 3. 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. 655 cm2 total 8. 655 cm2 total = = 97% isopentyl acetate 97% isopentyl acetate X X 100% 100% 4. 4. .97 actual isopentyl acetate .97 actual isopentyl acetate = = 97% yield 97% yield 1. 0 theorhetical isopentyl acetate 1. 0 theorhetical isopentyl acetate X X 100% 100% 5. 5. The results are not ideal, because the mixture would be 100% isopentyl acetate rather than containing isopentyl alcohol. Errors could have occurred in the beginning when the initial solution turned red, due to improper glassware cleaning.Product could have been lost or improperly filtered during gravity filtration. During the transfer of product from many vials, there may have been contamination. In the drying process, enough time may not have elapsed for the entire drying to occur. Experimental Isopentyl alcohol (150mmol) was mixed with acetic acid (17mL) and sulfuric acid (1mL). The solution was then heated under reflux for one hour. The mixture was then transferred into a separatory funnel and washed with 50-mL of water, drained and rewashed twice with 5% sodium bicarbonate.The layers were separated into two containers, one containing the aqueous layers of acetic acid and sulfuric acid in water and one containing the organic layer of isopentyl acetate and isopentyl alcohol. The mixture was then dried with magnesium sulfate. After dry, distillation occurred at 140? C to remove isopentyl alcohol leaving a final product of only isopentyl acetate. Laboratory Notebook Reference The data from the experiment â€Å"Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil† is located on pages six through nine in the laboratory notebook.

Boeing Company Essays

Boeing Company Essays Boeing Company Essay Boeing Company Essay Table of Contents The Boeing 787 Adrenaline . Introduction Table 1 . Milestone for the 8787 A. Table 2. Orders for Boeing and Airbus B. Organization Chart for Boeing Company Officers C. . Marketing and Financing Strategies The weak U. S Dollar Table 3. Serving from weak Dollar Hedging the Strong Dollar The 8787 Global supply Champ Ill. Figure 1. Bringing the parts together in Everett Table 4 Major Parts Suppliers The Boeing 787 Adrenaline has become the fastest-selling, wide body Jet liner is aviation history with a total of 850 orders valued at $ 127 billion placed by 56 customers as of September 2010. Boeing began to take orders of the 8787 Adrenaline after it surveyed its customers in 2001 after the 9/1 1 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, which led to the collapse of commercial air travel. Aviation fuel prices also began to rise due to the increased globalization of business world trade and international business travel especially in the BRICK emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Boeing began to take orders for the 8787 after at surveyed its customers and it decided to make the 8787 20% more Fuel-efficient than its other Jet liners. Table 1 Dowel sin Table 1. April 26, Sows ten growth In orders Doglegging Witt Its program launch In Milestones for the 8787 2004 Program Launch with record orders the 50 planes from ANA of Japan. Orders growth to 237 in first year of its sales. July 8, 2007 Roll out of the 8787 prototype in its Premier Showing Orders reach 677. December 15, 2009 First Flight or Madman Voyage f the 8787 October 16, 2011 Entry into Commercial Service by Launch Customers ANA. Orders including cancellations climb to 820 In addition to the consumer survey, Boeing decided not to pursue a fuel-guzzling bubble-Decker development like Airbus had done with its AWAY plane. Orders for the AWAY were showing of the rising aviation fuel prices and the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. In addition overall orders for Boeing Jetliners had fallen behind Airbus orders and top management realized that to recapture Boeings leadership position, it would have to come out with game-changing, new Jet liner, which became the Adrenaline. Table 2 shows the competition between the two manufacturers from 1996 to 2006 Table 2. Comparisons of orders for Airbus and Boeing. Year 1995 1996 1997 Airbus 106 326 Boeing 441 08 1998 1999 2000 556 601 476 520 355 Year Airbus 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 375 300 284 370 1055 790 1341 779 291 465 Boeing 318 251 239 272 1002 1044 1431 662 142 480 Throughout the late sasss Boeing orders were ahead of Airbus but fell behind in 1999 and from 2001 to 2005. This reversed in 2006 as orders for the Adrenaline started to come in, vindicating Boeings decisions to make the plane more fuel- efficient. The three ways that Boeing used to make it more fuel-efficient are: Use of light-weight, carbon-fiber composite plastic material in the wings, body, tail, SSE of the Adrenaline. The carbon composite plastic will be supplied by Torah of Japan. More fuel-efficient engines supplied by GE. And Rolls Royce Development of more efficient fuel systems using advanced technology. The top company officers responsible for this decision are shown on the organization chart of Boeing company officers for 2011 II toner Marketing an A. The weak U. S dollar a Hannibal strategies The weak U. S dollar and strong foreign currency of the buyers greatly reduced the cost of buying the plane. The savings for are Air Canada purchase of one 8787 costing U. S $MM is calculated as follows. The plane is ordered when the exchange rates is U. S$ 1. 00 = C$ 1. 59. The cost in Canadian dollars is C$ 238. M. Six years when delivery and payment for the plane occurs, the exchange rate is U. S. $ 1. 00 = C$ 0. 9623. The cost in Canadian dollars has fallen by C$ 94. MM, which Air Canada saves. The % savings is calculate to be 39. 5% and is shown in Table 3 along with savings for Santa of Australia, LANA of Chile, ANA of Japan. Table 3. Savings from weak dollar. Airline Savings %Savings Air Canada C$94. MM. 5% A$MM 38. 7% Santa Lana (Chile) Chi 30,784. 29. 2% ANA yen 1,024. 5 5. 6% B. Hed ging the strong U. S dollar In the even that the US dollar strengthened against the foreign currency, foreign exchange bankers recommend that the foreign buyer negotiates a long term hedge like the credit or money market hedge good for six years with the buyers bank. Ill. The 87878 Global supply Champ The 8787 will be assembled from sub assembly models made in the United States and abroad and this process follows the modularization assembly techniques of the auto industry. The suppliers help to reduce the cost of the 8787 because they pay for he R D for making their parts according to specifications supplied by Boeing. The suppliers will also be used to help sell the plane to airline in their countries. Table 4 lists the major suppliers like the three Heavy Industries of Japan (Amateurish, Sukiyaki, Fuji), which were instrumental in getting ANA of Japan to place its second order of 50 planes making it the launch customer for 8787. Table 4. Major Parts suppliers Parts Suppliers # Of Engineers Comments Elena of Italy 770 Makes mid fuselage horizontal stabilizers of wings; Italy has NO AIRBUS manufacturing plant Spirit Arrestees of Wichita Kansas 670 Makes SSE section, engine pylons and wing edges.

How to Ace Your AP Chemistry Labs

How to Ace Your AP Chemistry Labs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Labs play a significant role in AP Chemistry, and knowledge of experimental procedures is critical for the final exam. If you're an AP Chemistry student (or are considering becoming one), this guide will help you understand what to expect from the lab components of the course. I'll provide an overview of the types of AP Chemistry labs you'll see, the amount of time you'll spend on them, and what a real lab procedure looks like. You'll also learn how lab reports are structured and what you can do during the lab to ensure that you're getting the most out of your experience! What Are the Lab Requirements for AP Chemistry? Twenty-five percent of class time in AP Chemistry is devoted to labs, so they’re a big part of the course.The College Board even says in the course description that increased lab time is correlated with higher AP scores!You will be expected to conduct at least sixteen hands-on lab experiments throughout the year, and at least six of those sixteen must be "guided inquiry" labs. The College Board emphasizes an inquiry-based approach in the most up to date curriculum guidelines for AP Chemistry.This means that you’ll be asked to work independently at times. The teacher will provide a prompt or question, but you'll design the rest of the lab.This gives you the opportunity to conduct valid experiments that test your hypotheses without a teacher holding your hand the whole way. This approach is geared towards helping students develop scientific skill sets that they will use later in life when there isn't a teacher around to give them the answers. In guided inquiry labs, you will be expected to: Come up with a scientific question Decide which variables you will investigate Design and conduct experimental procedures Collect, analyze, interpret, and display data Present conclusions appropriately The other (up to) ten labs in the course may be traditional teacher-directed labs, but they will still support the learning objectives of the course. A full list of AP Chemistry learning objectives divided by the main themes or â€Å"Big Ideas†can be found on page 107 of the course guidelines.The goal for each lab is to incorporate as many of these objectives as possible so that students get the most out of their time. Each lab will serve a purpose in helping you grasp essential concepts in AP Chemistry. Which AP Chemistry Labs Will You Actually Have to Do? The AP Chemistry lab curriculum offers a fair amount of flexibility.The College Board provides a lab manual to teachers that includes 16 guided inquiry labs. Teachers can then choose at least six of those labs to conduct in class.The other ten or more labs in the course may be teacher-directed (traditional, step-by-step labs where all students follow one exact procedure). Examples of lab topics you might explore in AP Chemistry include: Spectroscopy Determine the concentration of a solute in solution based on the color of the solution Gravimetric Analysis of a Precipitate Find the identity of an unknown compound using mass data Stoichiometry Determine the amount of dissolved particles present in solution Solubility Determine the amount of dissolved ions in solution Redox Titration Measure the amount of acid contained in a solution Reaction Rate Manipulating variables to see how they affect chemical reaction rates Energy Determine change in energy in various chemical reactions Equilibrium Maximizing yield in chemical reactions Weak Acid Titration Drawing conclusions about acid properties from a pH titration curve for a weak acid Buffers Explore how buffers are made and what determines their capacity to resist changes in pH Electrochemistry Using electrolysis to induce non-spontaneous chemical reactions Get ready to explore the fascinating and terrifying landscape of microscopic particles that make up our world. AP Chemistry Lab Example Here’s a more specific example of an AP Chemistry Lab.In this case, it was derived from the AP Chemistry Lab Manual, so it’s an inquiry-based lab. Lab Title: The Preparation and Testing of an Effective Buffer: How Do Components Influence a Buffer's pH and Capacity?† Experiment Overview: In this experiment, the pH of water and a number of other solutions will be measured, and then acids and bases will be added to see how the pH is affected. Several buffer solutions of different pH values will be prepared and tested for their ability to resist change in pH. This covers the following AP Chemistry learning objective (LO 6.18):The student can design a buffer solution with a target pH and buffer capacity by selecting an appropriate conjugate acid-base pair and estimating the concentration needed to achieve the desired capacity. Materials Needed: Hardware: Balance with 0.01-gram precision Four 100 mL beakers Three pipets Buret, ring stand, buret clamp Two 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks Two graduated cylinders, 25 mL and 100 mL pH meter Stirring rod Wash bottle and distilled water Chemical Solutions: 20 mL Acetic acid, 0.10 M 20 mL ammonia, 0.10 M 20 mL ammonium chloride, 0.10 M 5 mL HCl, 0.10 M 1 mL of 1 percent Phenolphthalein 20 mL sodium acetate, 0.10 M 40 mL sodium chloride, 0.10 M 5 mL sodium hydroxide, 0.10 M Unknown solid acid sample, 2.0 g Safety Precautions (an extremely important part of each lab, especially when you’re dealing with strong acids!): Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical resistant gloves, and a chemical resistant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory. Procedure: Part 1: pH Changes in Non-buffered Solutions 1. Place 20 mL of distilled or deionized water in a 100 mL beaker. Test the pH using a pH meter. Record the pH.2. Using a pipet, add one drop of 0.10 M HCl, stir the solution and again test and record the pH.3. Repeat step 2 with a second and third drop of 0.10 M HCl.4. Repeat steps 1-3 with 20 mL of 0.10 M NaCl solution.5. Place 20 mL of distilled or deionized water in a 100 mL beaker. Test the pH using a pH meter. Record the pH.6. Using a pipet, add one drop of 0.10 M NaOH, stir the solution and again test the pH and record.7. Repeat step 6 with a second and third drop of 0.10 M NaOH.8. Repeat steps 5-7 with 20 mL of 0.10 M NaCl solution. Part 2: pH Changes in Buffered Solutions 9. To prepare a buffer, use 25 mL graduated cylinder to add 10 mL of 0.10 M HC2H3O2 and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NaC2H3O2 to a 100 mL beaker.10. Measure the pH of the buffer solution and record.. Add 1 drop of 0.10 M HCl, stir, measure and record the pH.12. Repeat step for two additional drops of 0.10 M HCl.13. Prepare a fresh sample of the HC2H3O2 - C2H3O2- buffer as in step 9.14. Repeat steps and 12 by adding 0.10 M NaOH.15. Prepare a basic buffer by combining 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NH3 and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NH4Cl in a 100 mL beaker.16. Repeat steps and 12 for this basic buffer solution.17. Repeat step 14 by preparing a fresh sample of the basic buffer and testing it with a dropwise addition of three drops of 0.10 M NaOH. Part 3: Preparation of Buffer of a Given pH 18. Weigh out 1.8 to 2.0 g of a solid acid assigned to you.19. Dissolve the acid in 150 mL of distilled water in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask (flask 1).20. Pour 75 mL of this solution into a second 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask (flask 2), add 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution, and titrate to the phenolphthalein color change with 0.20 M NaOH. Record the volume of titrant. You now have a solution of a weak acid in flask 1, and a solution of the sodium salt of the weak acid (its conjugate base) in the second flask 2. Make the concentrations of the two solutions the same by adding the same volume of distilled water to the acid flask 1 as the volume of NaOH you used to titrate the solution in flask 2.21. Combine 10.0 mL of your weak acid solution in flask 1 with 10.0 mL of the conjugate base solution in flask 2, mix, and measure the pH and record. This is the pKa of the acid.22. Your teacher will assign you the pH of a buffer to prepare. Calculate the volume of weak acid and conjugate base that you will need to prepare 50 mL of a buffer of the assigned pH. 23. Measure out the volumes of acid and conjugate base, mix then measure and record the pH.24.Test your buffer solution to see if it resists changes in pH by measuring 20.0 mL of the and adding 3 drops of 0.10 M HCl, and repeating with 20.0 mL of buffer and 3 drops of NaOH. Record the pH values after each addition. Conclusion Questions: 1. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to distilled water affected its pH.2. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to 0.10 M NaCl solution affected its pH.3. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to the acetic acid-acetate ion buffer affected the pH.4. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to the ammonia-ammonium ion buffer affected the pH.5. Did your prepared buffer match your assigned pH value? Explain.6. Comment on the ability of your prepared buffer to resist the change of pH when acid and base were added in the last step of the investigation. Notice that this lab ultimately requires independent problem-solving skills on the part of the student.You must create your own buffer solution of a certain pH and then test it to see if it’s effective.While the procedure is clearly laid out, it won’t be exactly the same for each person.You could come up with more than one way to make the final buffer solution for any given pH, so the lab is flexible depending on how you think about the problem.This type of lab encourages you to use knowledge of chemistry to solve a problem creatively. All the pieces of the puzzle are there for guided inquiry labs, but you're responsible for putting them together! You'd better hope it's not one of those puzzles with a million blue sky pieces that all look the same. How Are Lab Reports Structured? Ah, lab reports, the not-so-fun part of playing with chemicals.Lab reports might seem daunting, but if you conduct the experiment properly and prepare some parts of your report beforehand, you should be fine. I took the lab guidelines below from a sample syllabus provided by the College Board.It lists ten essential components of an AP Chemistry lab report and shows when each should be completed (before, during, or after the lab is conducted). Your teacher may have slightly different expectations (sometimes you have to list the materials needed for the lab before the procedure, for example), and even those will change slightly depending on the nature of the lab.These are just the components of a standard chemistry lab report to give you an idea of what to expect! To Set Up Your Lab Report, You Will: 1. Write an accurate descriptive title for the lab (i.e. pH Titration Lab)2. Write the date of the lab3. Provide a purpose statement explaining the point of the lab4. Write an outline of the lab procedure (often this is in bullet-point form)5. Answer any pre-lab questions 6. Create data tables that you’ll fill in during the lab During the Lab You Will: 7. Record data from the experiment in a neat, well-organized fashion After the Lab You Will: 8. Show calculations and draw out any corresponding graphs (be sure to label everything correctly!)9. Write a conclusion about your findings (format may vary depending on the lab)10. Answer post-lab error analysis questions Note that you should always write these reports in the 3rd person (i.e. "the solution was titrated" rather than "I titrated the solution"). Lab reports are intended to be objective statements of the facts, so â€Å"I† or â€Å"We† statements will just make them seem less credible! Always use the third person in scientific writing. I mean, look at that dude. He clearly knows way more about chemistry than those other two schmucks. Tips for AP Chemistry Labs Here are some essential tips you should keep in mind during AP Chemistry labs. They'll save you from wasting your time in class and turning in a crappy lab report! Tip #1: Don’t Get Careless If you’re tired or just not feelin’ chemistry one day, the last thing you want to hear is that you’re expected to get out of your chair and do a lab.On those occasions, try to summon your remaining strength to get through the class.If you don’t do a lab correctly the first time, you’ll be in for a lot of trouble when you try to write your report. You know a movie is going to be bad if the director has to say â€Å"we’ll fix it in post-production.† Similarly, if you mess up during the actual experiment, don’t think â€Å"eh - I’ll just fix it in the lab report.† You should do things correctly so that you don’t get the wrong impression of how the lab was conducted and end up struggling on your next test (or handing in data that makes no sense).Redo everything the right way before moving forward! Tip #2: Record Everything Clearly (and Don’t Fudge the Data Later) The most critical part of each lab is data collection.It would be tough to forget to write down all of your data, but sometimes you can end up writing illegibly or organizing results in a way that won’t make sense to you later. Carefully lay out your data tables before starting the experiment so that you have a designated place to record results.Try to write clearly and neatly so there’s no chance of misunderstandings. If your data doesn’t fit with your hypothesis of how the lab was supposed to go, write it down anyways (as long as you don’t think you made any big mistakes in following the procedure).You’ll be able to discuss why your data was wonky in the conclusion section of the report.Don’t get in the habit of faking results - it makes the experiment pointless. Tip #3: Ask for Clarification if Necessary Your teacher is there to help you, so don’t be afraid to use him or her as a resource!If, at any point during the lab, you’re not sure whether you’re conducting the procedure correctly, you should check in with your teacher to verify.This will prevent the nightmare scenario of sitting down to write a lab report and realizing you essentially did a completely different lab and have no usable data. Everyone has the same nightmare when they follow the wrong lab procedure: You're walking through a gloomy forest when suddenly you sense that you're being watched. You hear a haunting whisper, "I tooooold you to use 20 ml of HClllll." You wake up in a cold sweat as you're about to be sacrificed over a Bunsen burner by a coven of AP Chemistry teachers. Conclusion AP Chemistry is a fairly lab-centric course, so you should be prepared to spend a lot of time doing hands-on experiments (at least 25 percent of the class!). The lab requirements are open to some interpretation, but, per the curriculum guidelines, courses must include at least 16 labs total, at least six of which are special "guided inquiry" labs. These are independently-conducted labs where students have greater agency over the procedure and outcome. When conducting labs, you should keep the following tips in mind: 1. Don't Get Careless2. Record Everything Clearly, and Don't Fudge the Data Later3. Ask Your Teacher for Clarification if Necessary Adhering to these tips will make the process of writing a lab report relatively painless later. If you conduct the experiment correctly and have solid data, the only part of the report that you'll need to worry about is the conclusion. The goal of all this lab work is to teach you to apply sound scientific practices across a variety of circumstances. Many questions on the final exam will ask you to analyze experimental scenarios based on your knowledge of lab procedure and chemical properties. In some cases, you might even recognize experiments from class! What's Next? If you're kind of nervous about taking AP Chemistry, take a look at my article analyzing the difficulty level of the course across five different metrics. Are you looking for a good review book? Check out my list of the best AP Chemistry review books available for students this year! Still working on planning out your schedule? Learn more about which science classes you should take in high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Natural Selection Concept Redesign Research Paper

Natural Selection Concept Redesign - Research Paper Example Modeling that involves students’ hands-on involvement can help them better understand the actual biological processes. These activities require minimum expenses at a considerably affordable cost (Pugesek, 2003). Other teaching resources included in this concept comprise games, group discussion activities, activities based on the web and general ideas of fundamental biological areas, for example, common delusions, major theories, and recommended learning activities. These activities will enhance learning and remembrance. The only bias will arise in believing that all members of e.g. a group discussion are at per. The level of students’ commitment in each of the learning method will determine its success (Pugesek, 2003). Roselli (2011), describes six activities that can be used by instructors to enrich their teaching and understanding of introductory biology lessons. For undergraduate students, these systematic activities should begin with an introduction to natural selection (Roselli, 2011). It should encompass what natural selection is in simple terms and how it takes place. Discuss in details the sexual selection and molecular evolution as the second and third activities respectively. The fourth topic should entail the evolution of compound traits followed by a fifth topic on the evolution of behavior. By doing this, students will have a chance to perceive how natural selection works in different perspectives (Roselli, 2011). Testing involving pre- and post-instruction showed a substantial increase in students’ perception of natural selection after these learning successions were completed. Continuous testing through the unit proved a continual rise in student understanding. Assessments showed students relished the activities (Roselli, 2011). Nevertheless, the method does not incorporate hands-on involvement of the students in activities such as group discussions.

Personal Development as a First Line Manager Essay - 2

Personal Development as a First Line Manager - Essay Example Typically, job description for first line managers include but not limited to; employees’ welfare duties, preparation of work schedules, direction of workflows, upward management of employees, and budgeting among others. Below is a personal development plan as a first line manager. Receive academic training on first line management courses, especially on the use of emerging tools and techniques in planning and delegation of duties. Also, receive coaching on development of upward management skills, especially on adherence to organizational values Attend seminars on topics like personal development planning and role assessment exercises. Also, online academic sessions on team dynamics will be beneficial, especially on the use of technology in assessing and maintaining team effectiveness Participate in online discussion forums and assess my proficiency based on technical rating of responses. Also, assess my competence by practically solving team conflicts through skills acquired in the online sessions In first line management, there are situations when multiple duties require relatively similar levels of prioritization. For example, a managing director may direct a first line manager to plan and direct workflows for completion of a batch production within a period of six hours. At the same time, the managing director needs the first line manager to submit a completed work schedule plan within a period of six hours. In addition, some employees require personal attention from the first line manager, which may consume at least two hours of the manager’s busy time schedule. In such a case, the first line manager is faced with multiple situations requiring immediate attention, all stuffed within a restrictive timeframe. Therefore, it is necessary to employ priority determination methods like the ABC Method. ABC Method enables first